Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University

Available courses

CHEM121 Principles of General Chemistry II

Pre-requisite: A pass in higher secondary with mathematics as one of the subjects On successful completion of this course learners will be able to apply the basic principles of chemistry in comprehending and investigating chemical reactions.

Course Objectives

1. To develop the concept of equilibrium and its application to study chemical phenomenon.

2. To introduce the concept of radioactivity and its applications.

3. To introduce the basic principles of metallurgy.

4. To introduce organic functional groups and biomolecules.

Course Content:

Unit I Chemical Equilibrium:

The Concept of Dynamic Equilibrium, The Equilibrium Constant (K), Heterogeneous Equilibria: Reactions involving Solids and Liquids, Calculating the Equilibrium Constant, The Reaction Quotient: Predicting the Direction of Change, Finding Equilibrium Concentrations, Le Châtelier’s Principle, solubility equilibria, complex ion equilibria

Unit II Acids and Bases

Definitions, Acid strength and acid dissociation constant, auto ionization of water and pH, strong and weak acids, base solutions, buffers, acid-base properties of ions, polyprotic acids, Lewis concept

Unit III Ionic equilibrium and electrochemistry

Buffers, range and capacity, titration pH curves - Balancing redox reactions, Galvanic cells and spontaneous chemical reactions, standard electrode potential, cell potential, free energy and equilibrium constant, corrosion

Unit IV Radioactivity and metallurgy

Discovery, types, valley of stability of nucleus, detection, kinetics of radioactivity, fission, mass defect and nuclear energy, fusion, nuclear transmutation and trans-uranium elements, application in medicine – natural distribution of metals, metallurgical processes, metal structure and alloys, basic information about transition metals

Unit V Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry

Nature of carbon, hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon reactions, aromatic hydrocarbons, functional groups: alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, amines – Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, protein structure, nucleic acids, DNA

Textbook:

Chemistry A Molecular approach, Nivaldo J Tro, 4ed, Pearson, 2017

Teacher: Aravindan N

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CHEM101 General Chemistry I

Course outcome: On successful completion of this course learners will be able to (a) Comprehend the evolution of electronic structure of atom (b) Use quantum numbers and atomic orbital equations to visualize the shapes of orbitals (c) Recognize the relationship between position of an element in periodic table and its atomic properties and the periodic trend in properties (d) Explain the concept of chemical bonding (e) Analyse the properties of gases, liquids, solids and solutions

Course Objectives:

1. To develop conceptual knowledge about the electronic structure of atom, organization of periodic table and trend in atomic properties, properties of physical states of matter.

2. Apply the concepts to write electronic configuration of elements. Comprehend, analyse and predict type of chemical bonds and properties of matter.

Unit 1 Atomic structure

Unit 2 Periodic table and periodicity

Unit 3 Chemical bonding

Unit 4 Gases, Liquids, Solids

Unit 5 Solutions

Teacher: Venkatesan R

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CHEM242 Physical Chemistry I

Course Description:

This course will explore the application of quantum mechanics to understanding chemical phenomena, with special emphasis on atomic structure and properties. The postulates of quantum mechanics will be introduced and applied to simple systems. Examination of the simple, yet practically useful, harmonic oscillator and rigid rotor systems will lead into discussion of hydrogenic atoms and hybridization.

Intended Outcomes for the course:

• Apply the postulates of quantum mechanics to simple systems of chemical interest, such as the particle-in-a-box, harmonic oscillator, rigid rotor, hydrogenic atoms, hybrid orbitals.

• Students shall be able to visualize atomic orbitals of hydrogenic atoms

• Shall have ability to solve introductory problems in quantum mechanics

• Shall have ability to identify various molecular symmetry elements and their operations and construct group multiplication table and character table.

Course Content:

Unit I: Blackbody radiation - photoelectric effect - Hydrogen emission and Rydberg formula - Louis de Broglie postulate - Bohr theory - Heisenberg Uncertainty

Unit II: Classical wave equation - oscillating string - superposition of normal modes - vibrating membrane - Schrodinger equation and particle in a box – - Eigen values - quantized energy values and quantum number - uncertainty principle - probabilistic interpretation of wave function - free particles – particle in rectangular well – tunnelling

Unit III: Postulates and General principles in quantum mechanics - properties of operators, Eigen functions, Eigen values, normalization, orthogonality, commuting and non-commuting operators

Unit IV: Solution to Harmonic Oscillator - solution to rigid rotor - solution to hydrogen atom - quantum numbers - atomic orbitals - Hybrid atomic orbitals - construction and visualization of hybrid atomic orbitals - sp, sp2, sp3, dsp2, dsp3, d2sp3 - shape and directional behaviour

Unit V: Symmetry elements and Operations, point groups, non-degenerate representations

Textbook:

Physical Chemistry, A molecular approach, Donald A McQuarrie and John D Simon, 1998, Viva Books Limited

For Unit 5: Molecular symmetry and Group Theory, A programmed introduction to chemical applications, Alan Vincent, 2ed, John Wiley, 2001

Teacher: Venkatesan R

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CHEM546 Electroanalytical Techniques

Unit I (Kinetics of Electrode Reactions): Mass transfer by Diffusion and Migration – models of electrode reactions – current potential characteristics – general mass transfer equation , migration and diffusion
Unit II (Potential Step Methods): Types of techniques, step under diffusion control, Ilkovic equation – polarographic analysis – sampled current voltammetry: reversible, irreversible processes, multicomponent systems
Unit III (Chrono Methods): Chronoamperometry, chrono coulometry – pulse polarographic methods: Tast pulse, normal pulse, differential pulse
Unit IV (Potential Sweep Methods): Cyclic Voltammetry: Nernstian reversible, totally irreversible, quasi-reversible processes, multicomponent systems – convolute or semi-integral techniques
Unit V (Bulk Electrolysis Techniques): Classification of methods – Controlled Potential methods: current – time behaviour, electrogravimetry, electro-separation – Coulometric measurements: controlled current methods: characteristics, coulometric methods – Electrometric end point detection: classification, potentiometric, amperometry methods.

Teacher: Venkatesan R

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CHEM444 Statistical Thermodynamics & Reaction Dynamics

Unit I (Equilibrium Thermodynamics –Review) Review of equilibrium thermodynamics. First law, second law, third law of thermodynamics, chemical equilibrium, equilibrium electrochemistry. Students are expected to work numerical problems and read themselves.

Unit II (Statistical Thermodynamics – Partition function and implications) Probability, Bose-Einstein, Fermi-Dirac, Boltzmann statistics and distribution and sterling’s approximation, Partition function and thermodynamic properties - Partition function- translational, rotational, vibrational, electronic,- entropy, energy and heat capacity – heat capacity of solids – equilibrium constant

Unit III (Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics) Entropy production, flux-force relationship, Onsager reciprocal relationship, electrochemical potential, steady state entropy

Unit IV (Reaction Dynamics) Potential energy surfaces-electronically excited molecules, bimolecular collisions, Molecular beam Scattering, statistical approach of reaction dynamics to transition state theory, unimolecular reaction dynamics, transition state theory of solution reactions, kramers’s theory,

Unit V (Electrode Kinetics) Electrical double layer, Aspects of electrochemical reactions, elucidation of mechanism of an electrode reaction

Teacher: Venkatesan R

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CHEM424 Spectroscopic Identification of Organic Compounds

Teacher: Vasuki G, Binoy Krishna Saha

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CHEM321 Organic Chemistry II

Chem: 321 Organic chemistry II Theme Functional group transformations.

Objectives: To analyse the structure of given organic molecules and identify reaction centers. Recognize the reactivity pattern. Predict the outcome of the reaction. Explain the mechanism

Organic chemistry concepts related to functional group transformations will be discussed. A mechanism based approach will be adopted. Factors contributing to the reactivity pattern will be discussed. Discussion will be centered around analysis of structure of given organic substrate, identification of reactive parts of the molecule, recognizing the electronic nature of the reaction centers and reagents, predicting overall transformation and justifying the transformation.

Teacher: Vasuki G

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CHEM526 Drug Design, Medicinal Chemistry

Teacher: Vasuki G

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CHEM322 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY III

Unit I (Heterocycles) Chemistry of five and six–membered aromatic heterocycles with one hetero atom- synthesis and reactions of pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyridine, indole, quinoline and isoquinoline and biologically important heterocycles (Chapter 27 of Bruice)

Unit II (Carbohydrates and Lipids) Carbohydrates: Classification, configuration of aldoses and ketoses, reactions of monosaccharides, chain elangation, chain shortening, stereochemistry of glucose, the Fischer proof, cyclic structure of mono saccharides, formation of glycosides, reducing and non-reducing sugar, determination of ring size, di-saccharides and poly-saccharides. (Chapter 20 of Bruice.) Lipids: Fatty acids, waxes, fats and oils, membranes . (Chapter 24 of Bruice)

Unit III (Amino acids, peptides and proteins) Classification and nomenclature of amino acids – configuration of amino acids, acid-base amino acids—isoelectric points—primary structure of peptides – end terminal analysis – peptides synthesis—secondary structure of proteins tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins. (Chapter 21 of Bruice.)

Unit IV (Nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids) Nucleosides and nucleotides, nucleic acids, helical forms of DNA, DNA replication. (Chapter 25 of Bruice).

Unit V (Polymers and drugs) Introduction to synthetic polymers: General classes of synthetic polymers, chain growth polymers, stereo chemistry of polymerization, polymerization of dienes, co-polymers, step-growth polymers, physical properties of polymers, bio-degradable polymers. (Chapter 26 of Bruice) Introduction to organic chemistry of drugs: Naming drugs, lead compounds, molecular modification, random screening, serendipity in drug development, receptors, drugs as enzyme inhibitors, QSAR, anti-viral drugs (Chapter 30 of Bruice.)

Teacher: Vasuki G

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CHEM120 General Chemistry Laboratory

Teacher: Sabiah S

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CHEM582 Comprehesive Evaluation Viva

Teacher: Sivasankar C, Ramanathan C R, Bidhu Bhusan Das, Vasuki G, Anbalagan K, Tharanikkarasu K, Bakthadoss M, Balakrishna Rajan M M, Bala Manimaran, Padmanaban R, Venkatesan R, Dastagiri N Reddy, Sabiah S, Binoy Krishna Saha, Toka Swu

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CHEM580 Project

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CHEM310 Chemistry Laboratory VI

1) Separation of cations in a given mixture through ion exchange column and estimation by volumetric / gravimetric methods

2) Extraction of caffeine

3) Isolation of nucleic acid from banana

4) One step synthesis of organic compounds

a) Preparation of chalcone.

b) Bromination of acetaConsult Course Tutoride

c) Epoxidation reaction.

d) Reduction of carbonyl compounds.

e) Preparation of methyl orange.

5) Experiments on analytical chemistry

a) Calibration of burette, pipette and standard measuring flask

b) Estimation of errors from volumetric / gravimetric, and other experiments

c) UV-Vis spectral recording for simple organic inorganic compounds/ions – Theory is not necessary. Experiment should familiarize the techniques to the students

d) IR spectral recording for sample organic/inorganic compounds/ions – To familiarize the technique to the students

e) Solvent extraction of selected organic/inorganic compounds/ions

Teacher: Vasuki G

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CHEM300 Chemistry Laboratory V

Skills to acquire:

Synthesis of organic | Inorganic | solid state molecular systems

Purification techniques

Characterization techniques

Scientific write up

Teacher: Vasuki G, Venkatesan R

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CHEM410 Chemistry Laboratory VII

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CHEM410 Chemistry Laboratory VII

Advanced laboratory course. Students work on three topics and submit report for evaluation

Teacher: Vasuki G, Venkatesan R

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CHEM670 Research Methodology

Teacher: Vasuki G, Venkatesan R

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Whom to contact for support?

Send mail to admin@chempu.ac.in or venkatesanr@chempu.ac.in

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Summation Formula:

Constant Series

\begin{equation}
\sum_{k=0}^{S} c=s c
\end{equation}

Example: If S = 4

\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{c}{\sum_{k=0}^{4} c=0+c+c+c+c=4 c} \\ {\sum_{k=0}^{4} c=4 c}\end{array}
\end{equation}

Linear Series: \begin{equation}
\sum_{k=0}^{S} k=\frac{S(S+1)}{2}
\end{equation}

Example: If S = 4 \begin{equation}
\begin{array}{c}{\sum_{k=0}^{4} k=0+1+2+3+4=10} \\ {\sum_{k=0}^{S} k=\frac{S(S+1)}{2}=10}\end{array}
\end{equation}

Quadratic Series

\begin{equation}
\sum_{k=0}^{S} k^{2}=\frac{S(S+1)(2 S+1)}{6}
\end{equation}

Example if S = 4 \begin{equation}
\begin{array}{l}{0^{2}+1^{2}+2^{2}+3^{2}+4^{2}=0+1+4+9+16=30} \\ {\sum_{k=0}^{4} k^{2}=\frac{4(4+1)(2 \times 4+1)}{6}=\frac{4 \times 5 \times 9}{6}=30}\end{array}
\end{equation}

Roos of Quadratic Equation

If, \begin{equation}
a x^{2}+b x+c=0
\end{equation}

then, \begin{equation}
x=\frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^{2}-4 a c}}{2 a}
\end{equation}

Binomial Expansion

\begin{equation}
(1+x)^{n}=1+n x+\frac{n(n-1)}{2 !} x^{2}+\frac{n(n-1)(n-2)}{3 !} x^{3}+\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots
\end{equation}

To compute \((a+b)^{n}\)

\begin{equation}
(a+b)^{n}=a^{n}(1+x)^{n}, \quad \text { with } x=\frac{b}{a}
\end{equation} or \begin{equation}
\circ(a+b)^{n}=b^{n}(1+y)^{n}, \quad \text { with } y=\frac{a}{b}
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
(a+x)^{n}=\sum_{k=0}^{n}\left(\begin{array}{c}{n} \\ {k}\end{array}\right) x^{k} a^{n-k},\left(\begin{array}{c}{n} \\ {k}\end{array}\right)=\frac{n !}{k !(n-k) !}
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
(1+r)^{-1}=1-r+r^{2}-r^{3}+\cdots
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
a\left(\frac{1-r^{n}}{1-r}\right)=a+a r+a r^{2}+a r^{3}+\cdots
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
\sum y^{i}=1+y+y^{2}+\cdots \cdots=\frac{1}{1-y},(y<1)
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
\sum i y^{i}=y\left(1+2 y+3 y^{2}+\cdots \cdots\right)=\frac{y}{(1-y)^{2}},(y<1)
\end{equation}

Trigonometric Formula

to continue...

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The chemical structure below is generated on the fly from 'Chemaxon Smiles' format

Steps to create the chemical structures

1. Visit: https://marvinjs-demo.chemaxon.com/latest/demo.html

Draw the molecule/reaction of your choice using drawing tools.

Marvin Drawing Windows

2. After completing your drawing, click save button (marked as 1 in figure below) and a new window will pop-up to select ChemAxon Smiles format from the dopdownbox (marked as 2 in figure below)

Marvin Drawing Save

3. Select the content and use Ctrl+c to copy the text. This defines the structure of your molecule

Marvin Drawing Save

4. You can now insert this string inside course contents/activities/questions/resources anywhere using the following special html format

Drawing Marvin

Note the copied Smiles format is enclosed between two 'chem' tags. Note the beginning and end tag formats. You should not change this markup format.

When the document is displayed the image will appear as

The image produced with a default dimension of 200px by 200px

5. You can change the size of the image by adding them after the string like below

Drawing Marvin

please note the '@w' for width description and '@h' for height description separator and you should not use any other separator. The first number represents width and second represents height of the image

The following image is scaled to a custom size of 100x100

Please note that image appears only after saving the document.

-----------------------------------------------------

How to display chemical reactions

1. Go to https://marvinjs-demo.chemaxon.com/latest/demo.html

2. Draw your reactions using the tools

3. Press save button and choose 'ChemAxon Marvin Document' from the format dropdown box appearing in the pop-up window

4. Copy the whole content (the text will be in xml format)

5. Insert the content copied, step 4 above, between special html tag

6. You should see something like this (reaction is scaled to 400x200)

Drawing Mavin

7. The default size is 200x200. You can also change the size by using '@d and '@d separator

---------------------------

An example of a big molecule (using Chemaxon Smiles Format)

Another one with stereo-chemistry descriptions

--------------------------

A reaction display using Chemaxon smiles format

-----------

Curved arrow display (mrv format)

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Available courses

CHEM121 Principles of General Chemistry II